1
Easy2Siksha
GNDU  -2022
  
  - III
 :    : 100
:     -     ,           
             
-
1. x           (TC)      :
C = 60 - 12x + 2x2 .   (AC)    (x)     ' 
         AC   -  ', AC =
MC     '   (MC)  
2.               :
u = xy2 - 3x - 5y      , fxy =fyx
-
3.    ,        p = 10 - x - x2  p = x - 2
,    '    (CS)     (PS)  

4.     :
2
Easy2Siksha
(i) 𝒙
𝟐
𝒙
ⅆ𝒙
(ii) 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 ⅆ𝒙
-
5.            
6.      :
3 4 2
1 0 1
5 6 7
-
7. ()         
(8)           Z = 2x_{1} -
3x_{2}  
  :
4x_{1} + 5x_{2} <= 40
x_{1} + 3x_{2} <= 12
x__{1} - x__{2} >= 2
x__{1} >= 4
x__{1}, x__{2} >= 0
8.          -   -
  :




3
Easy2Siksha

0.20
0.05

0.20
0.25
        500  200       
  
4
Easy2Siksha
GNDU  -2022
  
  - III
 :    : 100
:     -     ,           
             
-
1. x           (TC)      :
C = 60 - 12x + 2x2 .   (AC)    (x)     ' 
         AC   -  ', AC =
MC     '   (MC)  
1. :   :       : C = 60 -
12x + 2x²  C   ,  x    
         -      
 
      :
60:    ,     
  
  
 
-12x:       
  
 
   
2x²:       
  
 
   , 
   
2.   (AC)    :      
       , 
   x  
:
AC = C / x AC = (60 - 12x + 2x²) / x AC = 60/x - 12 + 2x
5
Easy2Siksha
         -   '   
 
3. AC     :      AC -  , 
      
x    AC     
     :
d(AC)/dx = -60/x² + 2 = 0
   :-60/x² = -2 60/x² = 2 x² = 30 x = √30 ≈ 5.48
     
 5.48         -
 
4. AC      = -  ' MC: ,      
-  ',   (AC)    (MC)   
,        MC      
:
MC = d(TC)/dx = -12 + 4x
x = √30 ': AC = 60/√30 - 12 + 2√30 ≈ 10.95 MC = -12 + 4√30 ≈ 10.95
   
  , AC  MC      '  ,   
  
5.         (MC) - :  
  MC -  , 
MC        '   :
d(MC)/dx = 4 = 0
     ,     MC   -  

 ,        x       '  ,  
   0  
x = 0 ', MC = -12,          
,           :
  :     ,     
        -    
               ,
            
  (TC):TC  (C = 60 - 12x + 2x²) 
   x     
 
                 
:
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Easy2Siksha
  (60)       
 -12x          ,   
   
, 2x² 
     ',      
  ,   ' , -  ,     
 
  (AC):AC  (AC = 60/x - 12 + 2x)  -   '  
               
   ' U-   :
   ',        ,   AC
  
    , AC     
     
  
,            
AC     (x ≈ 5.48 ')           

      " "   
  (MC):MC  (MC = -12 + 4x)         
  
             :
MC  (-12  x = 0)   ,        

          
 
  x  , MC   '  
MC   -  
 (x = 0  ),       
   
AC  MC   :    AC   -  ' AC = MC   
         
 :
 AC   , MC AC      (  )
 AC   , MC AC      (   )
  '  AC      , MC AC     
              
      MC < AC,      
  MC > AC,      
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Easy2Siksha
   :
  :x ≈ 5.48  '      
             
  : -   ' AC  MC   
       ',      AC  , 
         MC     
 :TC     
     ( 
)         ( 
)           

-   : AC        ,  
          '    
 '  : MC         
      MC   ,     '    
  
    :
 :             -
     
    :     
   
             
- :        , , 
   -      
 :  ,         
      
  : ,        
  ,        
  ,           

        ,    
  , ,            
        -     
   ,           
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Easy2Siksha
2.               :
u = xy2 - 3x - 5y      , fxy =fyx
 -     :
              , 
       ,     : x  y.
a) x (∂u/∂x  fx)     :   , 
y    
 x      
∂u/∂x = y² - 3
   :
x    xy²   (y    )
-3x   -3 
 -5y     
 x          
 
b) y (∂u/∂y  fy)     : , 
x      y  
   
∂u/∂y = 2xy - 5
   :
y    xy²   2xy  (x    )
 -3x     
 y          
 
-5y   -5 
2. -    :
, 
-            
   
a) x (∂²u/∂x²  fxx)         :  x    fx 
   
∂²u/∂x² = 0
    
 x    y² - 3   0  (y      
)
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Easy2Siksha
b) y (∂²u/∂y²  fyy)         : y  y    fy 
   
∂²u/∂y² = 2x
    
 y    2xy - 5   2x  (x     
)
c)     (∂²u/∂x∂y  fxy):  x   ,   y   
    
fx = y² - 3    , 
 y      :
∂²u/∂x∂y = 2y
d)   (∂²u/∂y∂x  fyx):   y   ,   x   
    
fy = 2xy - 5    , 
 x       :
∂²u/∂y∂x = 2y
3.     fxy = fyx:
   
      :
fxy = ∂²u/∂x∂y = 2y fy = ∂²u/∂y∂ = 2y
 , 
      fxy = fyx
,                 
 
:
    :
            
                  
     -        
  
  u = xy² - 3x - 5y ,     , x  y, -  
             :
1. ∂u/∂x = y² - 3      
y   , x     u 
  
       y   '   
2. ∂u/∂y = 2xy - 5      
x   , y     u
   2xy  
       x  y  ' 
 
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Easy2Siksha
-    :
-               
              
1. ∂²u/∂x² = 0     x          
x  
 , x-   
 
2. ∂²u/∂y² = 2x     y         ,  
 x '      x  ,  y    
   
    :
   fxy  fyx           
            ,  2y  
,   :
1. 

y  ,  x        
2.   x  ,  y        
3.        (2) '  
fxy = fyx  :
   (fxy = fyx)         

 ,             
               
     
:
1.    
 :         
   
2.       
       
    
3.              
      
-  :
                 
:
1.  :         
-         ,  
     
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Easy2Siksha
2.   : ,       
    ,         
 
3. :  ,     
             
4.  :  ,       
  ,   '     
   :
  u = xy² - 3x - 5y  -        '  
(x, y, u) x  y     u    
 
xy²     
   y       ,  
 x         
-3x     
    x  
-5y  y       
 

      ,   -     
      
:
 u = xy² - 3x - 5y    , 
        
             
 ,       

 :
∂u/∂x = y² - 3
∂u/∂y = 2xy - 5
∂²u/∂x² = 0
∂²u/∂y² = 2x
∂²u/∂x∂y = ∂²u/∂y∂x = 2y
          ,      
   
x  y           
(fxy = fyx)             
      
             , 
, ,           
12
Easy2Siksha
             
         -  
       
-
3.    ,        p = 10 - x - x2  p = x - 2
,    '    (CS)     (PS)  

 2:     ',        , 

       :
10 - x - x² = x - 2
,     : 10 - x - x² = x - 2 12 = 2x + x² x² + 2x - 12 = 0
     
         : x = [-
b ± √(b² - 4ac)] / 2a
 a = 1, b = 2,  c = -12
x = [-2 ± √(4 - 4(1)(-12))] / 2(1) x = [-2 ± √52] / 2 x = [-2 ± 7.211] / 2
     : x₁ = (-2 + 7.211) / 2 = 2.6055 x₂ = (-2 - 7.211) / 2 = -4.6055

   
 , 
x = 2.6055 (4    )  

 3:      
         
       :
p = 10 - x - x² p = 10 - 2.6055 - (2.6055)² p = 10 - 2.6055 - 6.7886 p = 0.6059
 ,    0.6059 
 4:       (CS)       
         ,    0    
              
CS = ∫[0  2.6055] (10 - x - x²) dx - (0.6059 * 2.6055)
13
Easy2Siksha
   : ∫(10 - x - x²) dx = 10x - x²/2 - x³/3
0  2.6055  : CS = [10(2.6055) - (2.6055)²/2 - (2.6055)³/3] - [10(0) - 0²/2 - 0³/3] -
(0.6059 * 2.6055) CS = [26.055 - 3.3943 - 5.8924] - 0 - 1.5787 CS = 16.7683 - 1.5787 CS =
15.1896
 5:   (PS)          
       
  0     
                
  
PS = (0.6059 * 2.6055) - ∫[0  2.6055] (x - 2) dx
   : ∫(x - 2) dx = x²/2 - 2x
0  2.6055  : PS = (0.6059 * 2.6055) - [(2.6055)²/2 - 2(2.6055)] - [0²/2 - 2(0)] PS =
1.5787 - [3.3943 - PS = 5.711] - (-1.8167) PS = 3.3954
  
     ,        
           
   :
                
                
 -   '    
1. :  
      -  '    
    ', -   ,       
       '     
  ,   p = 10 - x -      ,    
     
     x    

  -   ,   ,         
2. :  
     -  '  
     ',     ,      
         '     
  ,   p = x - 2      ,  
     x    
   -   , 
 ,         
3. :              
,         ,      
 , 
    2.6055     
0.6059 
14
Easy2Siksha
   :
                 ' 
                  
                
 
  ',               
      , 
     15.1896 

      ,    
   $10  
   ,    $7   '   $3      
               
      
:
1.            '  
     
2.             
     
3.      '       
       
   :
                 ' 
                
     -           
  ',              
      , 
     3.3954  
      ,         
  $5        ,    $8  $3 
           -   -  
          
      
:
1.           '     
 
2.             
     
15
Easy2Siksha
3.     '        
       
      :
 ,            

                   
 ,    15.1896 + 3.3954 = 18.5850 
         :
1.  :           
    (, ,      )  
    '   
    
  
 " "  
2.   :   -        
      ,       
       ,    '   
           
3.   :      
,               
 
4.   :      
 , 
           
-      
  ,            
 
             
           -   -  
          , 
    
                
 
 ,       
 ,     
        
    ,   
       -  -    , 
, ,            
  
16
Easy2Siksha
4.     :
(i) 𝒙
𝟐
𝒙
ⅆ𝒙
(ii) 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 ⅆ𝒙
:   :
              ,  
   ,          
             ,  

 
    ,     :
1.   (     )
2.   
3.   
4.  
5.  
     , 
      
 
  :
      '          
    ,   '      '    , 
           
     :
∫u dv = uv - ∫v du
 u  v x   ,  du  dv    
,      :
 (i):∫x^2 e^x dx
         : x^2  e^x    
       -- :
 1:u  dv      ' u        '  
,  dv    '      
 u = x^2 (  '    )  dv = e^x dx (    )
17
Easy2Siksha
 2:du  v du = 2x dx (x^2  ) v = e^x (e^x   ) 
 3:        x^2 e^x dx = x^2 e^x - ∫e^x (2x dx)
 4:        : x^2 e^x - 2∫xe^x dx
 xe^x dx           
 u = x  dv = e^x dx
du = dx v = e^x
∫xe^x dx = xe^x - ∫e^x dx = xe^x - e^x + C
 5:      x^2 e^x dx = x^2 e^x - 2(xe^x - e^x + C) = x^2 e^x - 2x
e^   x + 2e^x + C
 6:        x^2 e^x dx = e^x (x^2 - 2x + 2) + C
         C   
     
          
 (ii): ∫log x dx
         
    
     ,        
 1: ∫log x dx = ∫ln x dx   (  ln      
    )
 2: u  dv  Let u = ln x Let dv = dx
 3:du  v du = 1/x dx (ln x  ) v = x (dx  ) 
 4:        ln x dx = x ln x - ∫x (1/x dx) = x ln x - ∫dx =
x ln x - x + C
       
    :
           
, :
∫x^2 e^x dx : , e^x (x^2 - 2x + 2) + C, 
       
 e^x    
      x^2     ,  
 -2x  +2            
 ,
   ' -  x   "" 

       : d/dx [e^x (x^2 - 2x + 2)] = e^x (x^2 - 2x + 2)
+ e^x (2x - 2) = e ^xx^2
18
Easy2Siksha
∫ln x dx : , x ln x - x + C,      x ln x    
    
  -x       dx     
      :  
y = ln x   
 ,   1 
x       
   x ln x - x + C    x 
    

       : d/dx [x ln x - x] = ln x + x(1/x) - 1 = ln x
  :
    -     :
1.   : e^x         
 ,           
                
  
2.  :          ,  
           
            
3.   :          
              
        
4. :   ,    (e^x  ) 
           
5. : ,    ,        
             
 
  :
  
         ,   
     :
1.  :        -  
     , n ≠ -1  x^n dx = (x^(n+1))/(n+1) + C
2. :             
     , ∫cos(x^2) * 2x dx u = x^2     
 
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Easy2Siksha
3.  :            
             

4.  :          
            
  
  :
1.   :    -     
        
 ,    
 '  
2.        :      
,  u  dv             

      
3.    : -
,        
   
4.   :      (C)    
5.     :
         
  '  
 ,     
6.      :    ,
            ' 
       
:
             
   , ∫x^2 e^x dx  log x dx,      
 :       
  --  , 
       
              
   ,           
 ,             
      -    
 ,   
              
   -            
      
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  
       , 
  
 
                 
      
-
5.            
:   
             ,  
               
    ,  ,  ,    
  -      '    
   
, ,         
    '   ( , A)    ,   
  ' aija_{ij}aij      ,  iii  jjj      
    
           
        ,  m× \times nm×   m
  n  
  
    ,          
 :
1.  :           :
  1×31 \times 31×3   
        
2.  :          
:
  3×13 \times   
         
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3.  :           
   :
 22×2   
4.  :    ,     ,   
(-  -   )  :
  3×33   
5.  :            
  1    :
      1    
 
6.   ( ):           
    :
 -     ,   '      
7.  :            
  ,           
  
:
    
  S=ST   
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8. Skew-Symmetric Matrix:    -     
    , , AT=−AA^T = -AAT=−A  :
  skew-symmetric 
9.  :              
       :
o   :       
o
o   :        :
10.    -  :
o   :         
,     

o -  :   -    
 - ,     
11.  :    AAA      
         , , A×AT=IA \times A^T
= IA×AT=I
 '  
       ,     :
1.   :             
    
2.  :       (    )
    
23
Easy2Siksha
3.  :   AAA  BBB        AAA  
  BBB       
4.   :  AAA       
    
5. :              
                -

6. :   AAA  , A−1A^{-1}A−1   ,   
  A×A−1=I
     ,      
             
  ,   ,       
  - -       
6.      :
3 4 2
1 0 1
5 6 7
: 3x3         , 
  
   
 ,           
   :
     ?
  A  , A−1   ,   ,    A 
  ',         III      
  1      0   3x3  ,   :
24
Easy2Siksha
   , AA−1=A−1A=I
 3x3      
1.       :       ,  
           
  3x3 
AAA  , 
    :
         
2.       : AAA :
 a 3, b=4b = c=2c, d=1, e=0, f=, g=5g = 5g=5      :
25
Easy2Siksha
   −14-14−14 ,    
 
   
,  
,  
       
3.    :         
 2x2             
  
 ,      (, 3)      ,

     
 ,       :
    :
07−16=−60
 ,  3   −6-6−6 

            

 
 4 ( ,  )   :
 2 ( ,  )   :
26
Easy2Siksha
 1   ( ,  ) :
 0 ( ,  )   :
 1   ( ,  ) :
 5   ( ,  ) :
27
Easy2Siksha
 6   ( ,  ) :
 7 ( ,  )   :
 ,    :
4.    :       '   
          :
 ,    :
28
Easy2Siksha
5.  ( )  :        
       , 
    
        :
6.    :         
      
  −14-14−14 , 

    −14-14−14   :
  :
 ,     :
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
        , 
 AAA   A−1A^{-1}A−1 
        ,    
-
7. ()         
:  (LP)            
                '
    ,  
, ,    -
               LP  
            
          
 :
1. 
                
      ,       $20 
 
 ,     5    $100   ,  10
   $200         
   
    ,          - 
  
 ,    ,      -
      
2. 
         '        '
        ,        , 
        -       ,  
             

3.  ()
        LP   
 ,    
    -   ,      
               ,  
  12.5        ,    ,  
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     ,    ',        '
  

4. 
       LP     (    ,
 ,   )         
  ,
, ,      -     
       ,        
  
5. -
          -    ,
  
         
   
  
   ,       ,    


6.  
LP                  '
 -    ,        
,        
  :
       , X  Y   ,      
          (  ,   , )
               
              
  , 
 :
 :X  Y     
:, ,    ' 
 :      X  Y
  X  Y              
              
     ,   ,      
          
  ,   -       
      '    , - 
  LP   ,       ,  
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Easy2Siksha
  ,           
  
(8)           Z = 2x_{1} -
3x_{2}  
  :
4x_{1} + 5x_{2} <= 40
x_{1} + 3x_{2} <= 12
x__{1} - x__{2} >= 2
x__{1} >= 4
x__{1}, x__{2} >= 0
:         
 
   Z = 2x₁ - 3x₂
  :
1. 4x₁ + 5x₂ ≤ 40
2. x₁ + 3x₂ ≤ 12
3. x₁ - x₂ ≥ 2
4. x₁ ≥ 4
5. x₁, x₂ ≥ 0
-- 
1.  
    
   ,           :
a)  :
Z = 2x₁ - 3x₂
    
     
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Easy2Siksha
x₁      2    
 
x₂    3    
 
b) :
           
  -   5  
       
2.      
           :
1. 4x₁ + 5x₂ ≤ 40
2. x₁ + 3x₂ ≤ 12
3. x₁ - x₂ ≥ 2 → x₁ - x₂ - 2 ≥ 0
4. x₁ ≥ 4
5. x₁ ≥ 0  x₂ ≥ 0
3.       
   0             
:
1. 4x₁ + 5x₂ = 40 
o  x₁ = 0:5x₂ = 40 → x₂ = 8
o  x₂ = 0:4x₁ = 40 → x₁ = 10
o : (0, 8)  (10, 0)
2. x₁ + 3x₂ = 12 
o  x₁ = 0: 3x₂ = 12 → x₂ = 4
o  x₂ = 0: x₁ = 12
o : (0, 4)  (12, 0)
3. x₁ - x₂ = 2 
o  x₁ = 0:-x₂ = 2 → x₂ = -2 (   
)
o  x₂ = 0: x₁ = 2
o : (2, 0)    (4, 2)
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Easy2Siksha
4. x₁ = 4 
o  x₁ = 4 '    
4.     
 
     , 
   
   
             :
4x₁ + 5x₂ = 40     
x₁ + 3x₂ = 12     
x₁ - x₂ = 2    
x₁ = 4     
  (-   )
5.      
    ,          
 
    :
a) x₁ = 4  x₁ - x₂ = 2
4 - x₂ = 2
x₂ = 2
:(4, 2)
b) x₁ = 4  x₁ + 3x₂ = 12
4 + 3x₂ = 12
3x₂ = 8
x₂ = 2.67
:(4, 2.67)
c) x₁ = 4  4x₁ + 5x₂ = 40
16 + 5x₂ = 40
5x₂ = 24
x₂ = 4.8
: (4, 4.8)
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Easy2Siksha
6.      
      '     ,      :
1. (4, 2) [x₁ = 4  x₁ - x₂ = 2  ]
2. (4, 2.67) [x₁ = 4  x₁ + 3x₂ = 12  ]
7.     
     ' Z = 2x₁ - 3x₂   :
1.   (4, 2):Z = 2(4) - 3(2) Z = 8 - 6 Z = 2
2.  (4, 2.67):Z = 2(4) - 3(2.67) Z = 8 - 8.01 Z = -0.01
8.   

 
Z      , 
      Z     
 :
  (4, 2): = 2
 (4, 2.67):Z = -0.01
 ,    :
x₁ = 4
x₂ = 2
 Z = 2
   
        :
1.  :
o x₁ = 4:       1  4   
 
o x₂ = 2:      2  2   
 
o  Z = 2:        
2.   :
o x₁      2    
 
o x₂    3    
 
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Easy2Siksha
o   ':
x₁  : 2 × 4 = 8 
x₂  : 3 × 2 = 6 
 : 8 - 6 = 2 
3.   :
o   (4, 2)     '  :
x₁ = 4 (- )
x₁ - x₂ = 2 (  )
o          
o        '  

  
            :
1. 4x₁ + 5x₂ ≤ 40
o 4(4) + 5(2) = 16 + 10 = 26 ≤ 40
2. x₁ + 3x₂ ≤ 12
o 4 + 3(2) = 4 + 6 = 10 ≤ 12
3. x₁ - x₂ ≥ 2
o 4 - 2 = 2 ≥ 2
4. x₁ ≥ 4
o 4 ≥ 4
5. x₁, x₂ ≥ 0
o 4 ≥ 0  2 ≥ 0
   

      ,        
    :
1. x₁   :
o 
 x₁ = 4    ,       
o x₁            
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2. x₂   :
o  2  - x₂     

o ,            
  
        :
1.  :
o x₁ -           

o x₂              
     
2.  :
o   '   
 :
  (4x₁ + 5x₂ ≤ 40)
   (x₁ + 3x₂ ≤ 12)
   (x₁ - x₂ ≥ 2)
-   (x₁ ≥ 4)

   , 
 :
  x₁ = 4, x₂ = 2 
 Z = 2     
        
   
 :
o x₁     
o x₂    
o     
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  
8.          -   -
  :





0.20
0.05

0.20
0.25
        500  200       
  
 :  
,    
      :
    :   
 
             
     
           :
o  500    
o  200     
   (0.20, 0.05, 0.20, 0.25) "- "  " "
          :
   :
1       0.20 
1       0.20 
   :
1       0.05 
1       0.25 
2.     
 
       :
       ()   
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      
         
 ,
  
3.   
  :
   = X₁
   = X₂

    :
1.  : ₁ = 0.20X₁ + 0.05X₂ + 500 (  :   =
       +       +  )
2.  : X₂= 0.20X₁ + 0.25X₂ + 200 (  :   =
      +        +  )
4.      
     :
 1: X₁ - 0.20X₁ - 0.05X₂ = 500 0.80X₁ - 0.05X₂ = 500
 2:-0.20X₁ + X₂ - 0.25X₂ = 200 -0.20X₁ + 0.75X₂ = 200
   : 0.80X₁ - 0.05X₂ = 500 ( 1) -0.20X₁ + 0.75X₂ = 200 ( 2)
        :
 1 4   :3.20X₁ - 0.20X₂ = 2000
 2 1   :-0.20X₁ + 0.75X₂ = 200
  : 3X₁ + 0.55X₂ = 2200
 2 :0.75X₂ = 200 + 0.20X₁ X₂ = (200 + 0.20X₁)/0.75 X₂ = 266.67 + 0.267X₁
  1   : 0.80X₁ - 0.05(266.67 + 0.267X₁) = 500 0.80X₁ - 13.33 - 0.013X₁ =
500 0.787X₁ = 513.33 X₁ = 665
 X₂    :X₂ = 266.67 + 0.267(652.26) X₂ = 266.67 + 174.15 X₂ = 440.82
5.   

   :
 (X₁)= 652.26  (2      )
 (X₂)= 440.82  (2      )
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6. 
                
  :
 : 0.20(652.26) + 0.05(440.82) + 500 = 652.26 130.45 + 22.04 + 500 = 652.49
(    )
 : 0.20(652.26) + 0.25(440.82) + 200 = 440.82 130.45 + 110.21 + 200 = 440.66
(
     )
7.  
        :
  (652.26 ):
500    '  
130.45  (652.26  20%)      
22.04  (440.82  5%)    
  (440.82 ):
200    '  
130.45  (652.26  20%)    
110.21  (440.82  25%)      
8. - 
    
  :
1.   (500 )      ,    
652.26      
:
o          
o      
 
o      
2.   (200 )      ,  440.82 
    
:
o         
o        ' 
 
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o      
3.   
         :
1.  :
o            
o     
 
o    
2.  :
o            
o 
           
o     
3.   :
o       
o      
o       
4.        
        
 :
1.  :
o 
       '   
o     
 
o   
 
2. -  :
o 
            
o     
 
o     
 
3.   :
o 
           
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o       
o     
 
4.       
     ,      :
1.  :
o     
o  '    
o     

2. :
o     
o    
o     

3. -  :
o     
o    
o       
4. 
 
         :
   500 
   200 
    :
   652.26 
   440.82 
      
       
                 
            

 
   ,  -     , 
     ,          
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             ,
      -      
  
:      Ai      ( )      
         , 
  '        
